Pinpointing the hot spots

Ballarat Courier
Saturday 17/11/2007 Page: 15

MOVING on from the risk of global warming, scientists are now looking for ways to pinpoint the areas set to be affected by climate change, to help countries plan everything from new crops to hydropower dams. Billion-dollar investments, ranging from irrigation and flood defences to the site of wind farms or ski resorts, could hinge on assessments about how much drier, wetter, windier or warmer a particular area will become. But scientists warn precision may never be possible. Climate is so chaotic and the variables so difficult to compute that even the best model will be far from perfect.

"We need to give indications which are at the scale countries can use to make decisions," said Michel Jarraud, head of the World Meteorological Organisation which oversees the US climate panel. We need to come to a scale which is smaller than countries like Spain or France or the UK. You really need to cone to smaller scales - 100km, 200km. We are not yet there. The UN climate panel was meeting in Valencia, Spain, this week to issue a final report summing up more than 3000 pages of findings this year that blamed humans for climate change and outlined solutions.

Farmers from Australia to Africa would like to know which areas are threatened by desertification. Ski operators from the Alps to the Rocky Mountains wonder how high the snow line will be before investing in new hotels or ski lifts. But forecasts may never be precise enough to estimate which of two neighbouring valleys in the Andes, for instance, might get wetter and be better suited to a hydroelectric dam. The impact of global warming depends largely on how many people keep burning fossil fuelss, a main source of greenhouse gases, or develop cleaner energies such as wind or solar power. Planners already know enough to act in many cases. The smallest grids used for climate projections are 50x50km.

London is looking into ways to confront projected regional risks such as more floods from North Sea surges up the Thames, more heatwaves and a drier climate. Painting houses white to protect against heatwaves makes sense, Parry said. Homeowners in areas at greater risk of floods could raise electrical goods such as fridges or washing machines off the ground floor.

Martin Parry, a British scientist who co-chairs the IPCC section devoted to regional impacts of climate change, said some farmers in eastern England were considering selling and moving north to Scotland because they reckoned they could soon grow the same crops on land that costs less now. A rise in sea-levels is already factored in as a threat to all coasts. The IPCC projects that sea-levels will rise by 18-23 cuts this century. It would be pretty unwise to build a nuclear energy station at sea-level." he said.

Kuylenstierna said there may well be stronger evidence by 2013 that climate change is under way, such as melting Arctic ice or a drier Mediterranean region. That would in turn give pointers to future change." But to break that down to information to a level relevant to a city or a hydroelectric dam base is a different question," he said.

"Even so, we can start making a lot of investments today." Glaciers are already melting in mountain ranges from the Andes to the Himalayas, so countries should invest in flood protection along vulnerable rivers and consider new irrigation needs if glaciers, a source of water in dry seasons, vanish. In Florida, the population has soared to about 18 million from below one million in 1920, with ever more people living near the coast. New construction codes should aim to help protect against hurricane damage and rising seas.